Anti-MOG antibodies can be found within the liquid and confirm a diagnosis of MOGAD. Spinal fluid is extracted by inserting a needle between the spine's bones. Lumbar Puncture:Ī lumbar puncture (also called a spinal tap) can look at the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The scan is painless, and its duration depends on how much the body is being examined. Lesions can show whether a patient has a relapsing attack of MOG Antibody Disease.ĭuring an MRI scan, you must lay still in a long machine that makes much noise. The scan can detect inflammatory lesions, indicating areas where MOGAD has attacked the myelin. An MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate the image. MRI ScanĪ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan can look at the brain, spine, and optical nerve to see where inflammation has occurred. However, antibodies may decrease over time and may not be detectable early in the disease process or during remission. Those with persistent detection of anti-MOG antibodies may be more likely to have a relapsing rather than monophasic disease. If the blood tests positive for MOG antibodies, a healthcare professional could diagnose MOG Antibody Disease depending on the other methods. Blood TestsĪ specialist blood test can detect anti-MOG antibodies in a patient's blood. 3 Due to MOGAD presenting similarly to other demyelinating conditions, these methods are often used in unison to arrive at the diagnosis. If symptoms are also present in the eye, your healthcare professional may conduct an eye assessment. 1 2ĭiagnosing MOG Antibody Disease tends to be done in three main ways. ADEM is sometimes misdiagnosed as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) due to the similarity of symptoms and the appearance of brain inflammation on MRI scans. 11 12 The brain's white matter is often targeted during an episode of ADEM, and symptoms tend to present quickly. 10Īn ADEM or ADEM-like attack is the most common MOGAD presentation in children. 1 2 9 Severe ADEM attacks can require patients to be given ventilatory support in up to 3% of instances. In severe cases of ADEM, seizures, and a coma can happen to a patient. This MOGAD presentation displays symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, nausea, decreased consciousness, fever, and vomiting. 8 Acute Disseminated EncephalomyelitisĪcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is another presentation of MOG Antibody Disease. MRI scans of MOGAD spinal cord inflammation tend to be longitudinally extensive, spanning three contiguous vertebral body segments, although shorter lesions may coexist. Transverse Myelitis in MOG Antibody Disease is often severe, with partial paralysis of lower limbs requiring a movement aid and bladder dysfunction requiring catheterisation at the patient's worst point. 1 2 The main symptoms of transverse Myelitis are pain, loss of/or abnormal body sensations, weakness of limbs, and bladder and bowel issues. 1 Symptoms tend to develop over a few hours or gradually over a few weeks. The effects of TM on a person depend on which spinal cord segments are damaged. Transverse Myelitis (TM) is when the spinal cord becomes inflamed, causing interruptions to nerve signals sent from the brain to the body, which can create a variety of symptoms. 6 Some patients complain of a headache around the eye or at the front of the head a few days before vision is affected. It is recurrent or bilateral/simultaneous in approximately 50% of all cases. Optic neuritis is the most common MOGAD presentation among adult patients. 1 2 5 Vision loss is usually temporary in some cases, it can be permanent and takes hours or days to happen and weeks to improve. Some people also report seeing flickering, flashing, or sparkles when moving their eyes. Vision loss from optic neuritis can present as loss of central or peripheral vision, colour, or visual acuity. Other symptoms include vision loss which can be either temporary or permanent depending on the nerve damage. 1 5 A common symptom of ON is eye pain, which can worsen when the eye moves. Optic neuritis (ON) is when the eye's optical nerve(s) becomes inflamed due to damage to the myelin surrounding the nerves in one or both eyes simultaneously. The most common presentation is Optic Neuritis (ON), followed by Transverse Myelitis (TM) and then Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Symptoms of MOG Antibody disease can present differently from person to person.
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